Mycoviruses mediate mycotoxin regulation in Aspergillus ochraceus
L. Nerva
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorW. Chitarra
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorI. Siciliano
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
Search for more papers by this authorF. Gaiotti
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. Ciuffo
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. Forgia
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorG. C. Varese
Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M. Turina
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
For correspondence. E-mail [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorL. Nerva
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorW. Chitarra
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorI. Siciliano
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
Search for more papers by this authorF. Gaiotti
Council for Agricultural Research and Economics – Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology CREA-VE, Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. Ciuffo
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorM. Forgia
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorG. C. Varese
Mycotheca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT), Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M. Turina
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
For correspondence. E-mail [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorSummary
To date, no demonstration of a direct correlation between the presence of mycoviruses and the quantitative or qualitative modulation of mycotoxins has been shown. In our study, we transfected a virus-free ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing isolate of Aspergillus ochraceus with purified mycoviruses from a different A. ochraceus isolate and from Penicillium aurantiogriseum. Among the mycoviruses tested, only Aspergillus ochraceus virus (AoV), a partitivirus widespread in A. ochraceus, caused a specific interaction that led to an overproduction of OTA, which is regulated by the European Commission and is the second most important contaminant of food and feed commodities. Gene expression analysis failed to reveal a specific viral upregulation of the mRNA of genes considered to play a role in the OTA biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, AoOTApks1, a polyketide synthase gene considered essential for OTA production, is surprisingly absent in the genome of our OTA-producing isolate. The possible biological and evolutionary implications of the mycoviral regulation of mycotoxin production are discussed.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
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| emi14436-sup-0001-supinfo.docxWord 2007 document , 129.6 KB |
Supplementary Fig. 1. Ochratoxin A (OTA) quantification in MUT2036 and MUT2096. Only MUT2036 displayed the ability to produce a detectable quantity of OTA using an HPLC-DAD apparatus. nd, not detected. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). DW = dry weight. Supplementary Table 1. OTA quantification using HPLC-DAD apparatus. DW = dry weight. Supplementary Table 2. Measurements of colony diameters of different MUT2036 transfected isolates with different growing media and NaCl concentrations at day 5 post inoculation. Experiment was performed on 60 mm petri dishes at 27 °C with a 12 h dark–light cycle. Supplementary Table 3. Measurements of colony diameters of MUT2036 transfected isolates with different growing media and NaCl concentrations at day 10 post inoculation. The experiment was performed on 60 mm Petri dishes at 27 °C with a 12 h dark–light cycle. Supplementary Table 4. Conidial count for isolates grown on YES media amended with 10% NaCl. Supplementary Table 5. Nucleotide and amino acid changes observed in PaTV1 genome sequence when transfected in A. ochraceus (MUT2096). Supplementary Table 6. List of primers used in this work. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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